The publication in 1881 of The New Testament in the Original Greek, by the Cambridge scholars Brooke Foss Westcott (1825 1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828 1892), marked the culmination of twenty-eight years of work and revolutionised the theory and methods of New Testament textual criticism. The editors broke with tradition and reconstructed a critical text based on the third-century uncial manuscripts Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, paving the way for future editions. Westcott and Hort's claim to reconstruct the 'original text' may seem extravagant today; but according to Bruce Metzger theirs was the 'most noteworthy critical edition of the Greek Testament ever produced by British scholarship'. This second volume contains the reconstructed text. Readings that the editors thought were possible contenders for the original are printed in the margin; other readings, judged to be of value but appearing later, are given in the appendix.

Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828 1892) was a scholar of the Bible, patristics and theology whose contributions to scholarship included an influential critical edition of the Greek New Testament and portions of The Ante-Nicene Fathers. This posthumous publication (1902) on the important Miscellanies of Clement, includes the complete Greek text of Book Seven with English translation and detailed notes. This is preceded by an extensive introduction based on Hort's lectures, discussing Christianity and philosophy in Clement's foundational work, which relates to a Victorian debate concerning the supposed pollution of 'pure' Christianity by 'alien' Greek thought. Hort argued that not only had Hellenism been present from the earliest days of Christianity, but also that the interaction between the two had resulted in a 'de-secularization of philosophy'. He also emphasised Clement's view that the archetypal Christian ought to live 'as much by prayer and love as by knowledge and thought'.

The publication in 1881 of The New Testament in the Original Greek, by the Cambridge scholars Brooke Foss Westcott (1825 1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828 1892), marked the culmination of twenty-eight years of work and an innovation in the theory and methods of New Testament textual criticism. This first of two volumes contains a detailed discussion of the theories and methods behind the reconstructed text, sets out the editors' theory of text-types, and justifies their choice to break with the dominant use of the Textus Receptus. It argues for the Neutral Text, represented by the uncials Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, as being the earliest and least corrupt form. Westcott and Hort's claim to reconstruct the 'original text' may seem extravagant today but according to Bruce Metzger theirs was the 'most noteworthy critical edition of the Greek Testament ever produced by British scholarship'.

This annotated edition of The Acts of The Apostles was prepared for classroom use by Thomas Ethelbert Page, a schoolmaster at Charterhouse, and published in 1886. The text is taken directly from the critical edition of the New Testament in Greek published by Fenton Hort and Brooke Westcott in 1881, the most authoritative version then available. Page's extensive annotations (over two hundred pages to accompany seventy pages of text) aimed to provide an explanation of the Greek text free of doctrinal discussions and moral reflections, unlike most existing commentaries which Page found 'quite unadapted for practical work with boys'. Page endeavoured to make the translation process as straightforward as possible and his extensive commentary offers a clear and simple understanding of the text. His book is still a useful guide for those approaching the Greek text for the first time.

This is one of the best-known works of Fenton Hort (1828-1892), Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. Compiled in 1897, it is a posthumous record of a series of lectures delivered by Hort in 1888 and 1889, covering the origins and development of the early Church. Starting with a discussion on the meaning of 'ecclesia', Hort traces church history from the New Testament accounts of the Last Supper and the Resurrection to the problems Christianity faced in the second century. Hort conveys his meaning with absolute clarity, taking a scrupulous, almost scientific approach in his consideration of literary evidence. Four of his sermons are also included, and the book itself stands as a record of the last words spoken in public by Hort. The Christian Ecclesia provides a fascinating account of the beginnings of Christianity and is one of the most significant works by this prolific nineteenth-century theologian.

Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828 1892) was a scholar of the Bible, Patristics and theology who served as Hulsean and Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. Among his scholarly contributions are the foundational critical edition of the Greek New Testament as well as portions of the magisterial The Ante-Nicene Fathers. This short book is a posthumous edition of Hort's lectures discussing the authorship, dating and introductory chapters of the Book of Revelation. While the 1908 publication represents, as the preface notes, 'scholarship in undress', it does so with skill. Positing an earlier date of authorship than traditionally held and asserting authorial unity with the rest of the Johannine corpus, this compact work is an important example of focused historical criticism. The commentary on the first three chapters of the Apocalypse further underscores the contribution of this notable scholar at the height of his prowess.

Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1813-1875) was a Cornish-born Biblical scholar who travelled to major libraries all over Europe in order to study ancient manuscripts. Biblical textual criticism was a burgeoning new field in the mid-nineteenth century, with leading scholars including Lachmann and Tischendorf in Germany and Tregelles' contemporaries Scrivener, Westcott and Hort in England all working towards the ideal of a more authoritative Greek New Testament text than had previously been available. This volume contains the short Volumes 5 (1870) and 6 (1872) of Tregelles' edition (the Epistles continued, and Revelation), which the author had originally intended to publish together, along with the posthumous Volume 7 (1879) containing Prolegomena (compiled by F. J. A. Hort and A. W. Streane from earlier publications by Tregelles), and additional collations of parts of Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The Greek text is accompanied by Jerome's Latin Vulgate and a full textual apparatus.

This posthumous volume, published in 1895, contains two lectures delivered in the 1880s by the biblical scholar F. J. A. Hort, Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. In these lectures, Hort addresses the question of the dating of Romans and Ephesians, their purpose, and their original readership. He examines their context in the relationship of Judaism to Christianity in the Apostolic period and the difference between Gentile, Judaistic and Roman Christianity. By treating the Epistles as historical as well as religious artefacts and analysing their language and grammar as well as content, Hort argues for the authenticity of both texts and therefore for a first-century dating. The dating of the New Testament was a central concern of Hort toward the end of his career, and he argued against F. C. Baur and the T bingen school, who placed it in the second century. These lectures present evidence to support his argument.

In these lectures published posthumously in 1894, the biblical scholar and theologian Fenton John Anthony Hort draws on his work on the early Christian Church and its transition from Judaism in the Apostolic period. Throughout his career, Hort devoted himself to the study of Christian history and to the joint editorship of a critical edition of the New Testament in Greek and, later, modern English. In his last years teaching at Cambridge University, his efforts centred on proving a first-century dating for the New Testament books, and researching the history and development of the church as described in them. The lectures in this volume respond to arguments of Hort's contemporaries, notably F. C. Baur and the Tubingen school, for a second-century dating. To support his case, Hort examines the relationship between Judaistic, Gentile and Pauline Christianity and analyses New Testament accounts of Christ's attitude to the Jewish faith.

First published in 1898, this collection of sermons by the Irish-born Cambridge biblical scholar and theologian Fenton John Anthony Hort distils over thirty years' work as a pastor. Compiled by the author's son six years after Hort's death, this book contains twenty-four sermons, organised to correspond with the Church calendar. Written for school children, Cambridge college chapels, and the congregation of Hort's own parish in Hertfordshire, many of the sermons in this collection were delivered on more than one occasion and have consequently been revised many times. As Hort's son points out, they appear here in their 'ultimate form', perfected over three decades. First preached over a century ago, Hort's lucid prose makes his work easily accessible. Written in deceptively simple language, the care and precision found in Hort's better-known academic work are also evident in his sermons, which are articulated with grace and clarity.

Fenton John Antony Hort (1828 1892) was Professor of Divinity at Cambridge and the editor, with B.F. Westcott, of an influential edition of the Greek New Testament. His detailed commentary on the Greek text of the Epistle (Letter) of St James was left incomplete at his death. When it was published in 1909, the editor wrote 'Each word and phrase and sentence has been examined in the light of the whole available evidence with characteristic freshness, and with a singularly delicate sense both of the meaning of words, and of subtle variations of grammatical structure.' The Introduction situates the Epistle in its New Testament context, and reflects on issues of authorship, reception and content. Hort's scholarly insights remain of interest to modern theologians. His work also bears witness to the strenuous efforts made by late Victorian theologians to create a textual bulwark against the growth of religious scepticism.

Published in 1987: This posthumous publication (1902) on the important Miscellanies of Clement, includes the complete Greek text of Book Seven with English translation and detailed notes. This is preceded by an extensive introduction based on the editor's lectures, discussing Christianity and philosophy in Clement's foundational work, which relates to a Victorian debate concerning the supposed pollution of 'pure' Christianity by 'alien' Greek thought. The Editor argued that not only had Hellenism been present from the earliest days of Christianity, but also that the interaction between the two had resulted in a 'de-secularization of philosophy'. He also emphasised Clement's view that the archetypal Christian ought to live 'as much by prayer and love as by knowledge and thought'.

Published in 1987: This posthumous publication (1902) on the important Miscellanies of Clement, includes the complete Greek text of Book Seven with English translation and detailed notes. This is preceded by an extensive introduction based on the editor's lectures, discussing Christianity and philosophy in Clement's foundational work, which relates to a Victorian debate concerning the supposed pollution of 'pure' Christianity by 'alien' Greek thought. The Editor argued that not only had Hellenism been present from the earliest days of Christianity, but also that the interaction between the two had resulted in a 'de-secularization of philosophy'. He also emphasised Clement's view that the archetypal Christian ought to live 'as much by prayer and love as by knowledge and thought'.

This book explores the West-Central African role in, and experience during, the expansion of international society. Building upon theoretical contributions from the English School of international relations, historical sociology and sociology, it departs from Euro-centric assumptions by analysing how West-Central Africa and West-Central Africans were integral to the ways in which Europe and Africa came together from the fifteenth century through to the twentieth. Initially, diverse scholarship concerned with the expansion of international society is examined, revealing how the process has often been understood as one dictated by Europeans. From there a new approach is developed, one which is better able to examine the expansion as an interactive process between individuals, and which puts the African experience at the heart of study. The empirical research that follows this draws upon primary sources to introduce a number of historically significant and ground-breaking cases into international relations, including; the international relations of West-Central Africa before the European arrival, the emergence and growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the attempts to 'civilize' Africa, and the 'scramble' to colonize Africa. This book argues that the expansion of international society was driven by individual interaction, and was shaped by both Africans and Europeans. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, international relations theory, history, African politics, the English school and constructivism. Author John Anthony Pella introduces his book African and the Expansion of International Society: Surrendering the Savannah http://www.routledge.com/politics/articles/featured_author_john_anthony_pella/

This book explores the West-Central African role in, and experience during, the expansion of international society. Building upon theoretical contributions from the English School of international relations, historical sociology and sociology, it departs from Euro-centric assumptions by analysing how West-Central Africa and West-Central Africans were integral to the ways in which Europe and Africa came together from the fifteenth century through to the twentieth. Initially, diverse scholarship concerned with the expansion of international society is examined, revealing how the process has often been understood as one dictated by Europeans. From there a new approach is developed, one which is better able to examine the expansion as an interactive process between individuals, and which puts the African experience at the heart of study. The empirical research that follows this draws upon primary sources to introduce a number of historically significant and ground-breaking cases into international relations, including; the international relations of West-Central Africa before the European arrival, the emergence and growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the attempts to 'civilize' Africa, and the 'scramble' to colonize Africa. This book argues that the expansion of international society was driven by individual interaction, and was shaped by both Africans and Europeans. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, international relations theory, history, African politics, the English school and constructivism. Author John Anthony Pella introduces his book African and the Expansion of International Society: Surrendering the Savannah http://www.routledge.com/politics/articles/featured_author_john_anthony_pella/

According to estimates by the International Land Coalition based at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 57 million hectares of land have been leased to foreign investors since 2007. Current research has focused on human rights issues related to inward investment in land but has been ignorant of water resource issues and the challenges of managing scarce water. This handbook will be the first to address inward investment in land and its impact on water resources in Africa. The geographical scope of this book will be the African continent, where land has attracted the attention of risk-taking investors because much land is under-utilised marginalized land, with associated water resources and rapidly growing domestic food markets. The successful implementation of investment strategies in African agriculture could determine the future of more than one billion people. An important factor to note is that sub-Saharan Africa will, of all the continents, be hit hardest by climate change, population growth and food insecurity. Sensible investment in agriculture is therefore needed, however, at what costs and at whose expense? The book will also address the livelihoods theme and provide a holistic analysis of land and water grabbing in sub-Saharan Africa. Four other themes will addressed: politics, economics, the environment and the history of land investments in sub-Saharan Africa. The editors have involved a highly diverse group of expert researchers, who will review the pro- and anti-investment arguments, geopolitics, the role of capitalist investors, the environmental contexts and the political implications of, and reasons for, leasing millions of hectares in sub-Saharan Africa. To date, there has been no attempt to review land investments through a suite of different lenses, thus this handbook will differ significantly from existing research and publication. The editors are Tony Allan, (Professor Emeritus, Department of Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies and King's College London); Jeroen Warner (Assistant Professor, Disaster Studies, University of Wageningen); Suvi Sojamo (PhD Researcher, Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University); and Martin Keulertz (PhD Researcher, Department of Geography, London Water Group, King's College London).

A Complete Guide to Quality in Small-Scale Wine Making, Second Edition is the first and only book to focus specifically on the challenges relevant to non-industrial scale production of optimal wine with a scientifically rigorous approach. Fully revised and updated with new insights on the importance of all aspects of the production of consistent, quality wine, this book includes sections on organic wine production, coverage of the selection and culturing of yeast, and the production of sparkling, ‘methode champenois’ and fortified wines. The new edition includes insights into the latest developments in flavor chemistry, production protocols, NIR and FTIR for multipurpose analysis and microplate and PCR procedures, and IR methods for essential analysis among others. Written by an expert team with real-world experience and with a multi-cultural approach, this text will provide a complete guide to all the stages of the winemaking process and evaluation, and clearly explains the chemistry that underpins it all.

Contemporaries as Cambridge undergraduates in the late 1840s, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-89), Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-92), and John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor (1825-1910) all went on to distinguished careers. Mayor, a classical scholar, became President of St John's, while Lightfoot and Hort - members, along with Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901), later Regius Professor of Divinity, of the 'Cambridge triumvirate' - were eventually appointed respectively Bishop of Durham and Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. This short-lived triannual journal, which they founded and edited from 1854 to 1859, is interesting both for its combination of classical and patristic material, illuminating the close relationship between theology and classics as disciplines in the period, and as an example from the early history of academic journals, an emerging genre which would develop into its current form over the following decades. Volume 1, published in 1854, contains the year's three issues.

Contemporaries as Cambridge undergraduates in the late 1840s, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-89), Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-92), and John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor (1825-1910) all went on to distinguished careers. Mayor, a classical scholar, became President of St John's, while Lightfoot and Hort - members, along with Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901), later Regius Professor of Divinity, of the 'Cambridge triumvirate' - were eventually appointed respectively Bishop of Durham and Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. This short-lived triannual journal, which they founded and edited from 1854 to 1859, is interesting both for its combination of classical and patristic material, illuminating the close relationship between theology and classics as disciplines in the period, and as an example from the early history of academic journals, an emerging genre which would develop into its current form over the following decades. Volume 2, published in 1855, contains the year's three issues.

Contemporaries as Cambridge undergraduates in the late 1840s, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-89), Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-92), and John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor (1825-1910) all went on to distinguished careers. Mayor, a classical scholar, became President of St John's, while Lightfoot and Hort - members, along with Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) of the 'Cambridge triumvirate' - were eventually appointed respectively Bishop of Durham and Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. This short-lived triannual journal, which they founded and edited from 1854 to 1859, is interesting both for its combination of classical and patristic material, illuminating the close relationship between theology and classics in the period, and as an example from the early history of academic journals, an emerging genre which would develop into its current form over the following decades. Volume 3, published in 1857, contains the previous year's issues and two responses concerning 'the Route of Hannibal'.

Contemporaries as Cambridge undergraduates in the late 1840s, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-89), Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-92), and John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor (1825-1910) all went on to distinguished careers. Mayor, a classical scholar, became President of St John's, while Lightfoot and Hort - members, along with Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) of the 'Cambridge triumvirate' - were eventually appointed respectively Bishop of Durham and Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. This short-lived triannual journal, which they founded and edited from 1854 to 1859, is interesting both for its combination of classical and patristic material, illuminating the close relationship between theology and classics in the period, and as an example from the early history of academic journals, an emerging genre which would develop into its current form over the following decades. Volume 4, published in 1859, contains the 1857-9 issues.

As the wine industry has experienced a period of rapid global expansion, there is a renewed emphasis on quality and consistency even within the small winery industry. Written for the small production program, "A Complete Guide to Quality in Small-Scale ""Wine Making "is for the novice to intermediate level winemaker seeking foundational information in chemistry and sensory science as they relate to wine quality at a technical level.

Drawing from personal experience as well as scientific literature, this book introduces the core concepts of winemaking before delving into methods and analysis to provide practical insights into creating and maintaining quality in the wine product.
Understand the chemistry and sensory science at the foundation of quality winesExplore real-world examples of key analysis and application of conceptsPractice methods and exercises for hands-on experience

Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) gave the Cambridge Hulsean lectures in November and December of 1871. First published posthumously in 1893, with minor revisions, these lectures are built around a sustained meditation on John 14: 5-6. They represent Hort's defence of the continuing relevance of Christianity in an increasingly science-focused world where religion was no longer the sole arbitrator of 'truth'. These lectures are a direct response to the development of Historical Criticism and the aftermath of the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Hort argues that confidence in the 'truth' of Christianity can only lead to a championship of science and other non-theological methods of inquiry for ultimately 'all knowledge ministers to the knowledge of the highest'. Hort's lectures are a key work of Anglican theology addressing the issue, still pressing over a century later, of religion's relationship with science.

"An engaging, sophisticated yet accessible, account of the Orthodox Church-its self-understanding, theology, sacramental life, and history. . . . One of the best introductions available."-John Behr, author of The Mystery of Christ An insider's account of the Eastern Orthodox Church, from its beginning in the era of Jesus and the Apostles to the modern age "Lucid. . . . Engrossing . . . [A] thorough history."-Publishers Weekly In this lively and intimate account of the Eastern Orthodox Church, John McGuckin tackles the question "What is the Church?" His answer is a clear, historically and theologically rooted portrait of what the Church is for Orthodox Christianity and how it differs from Western Christians' expectations. McGuckin explores the lived faith of generations, including sketches of some of the most important theological themes and individual personalities of the ancient and modern Church. He interweaves a personal approach throughout, offering to readers the experience of what it is like to enter an Orthodox church and witness its liturgy. In this astute and insightful book, he grapples with the reasons why many Western historians and societies have overlooked Orthodox Christianity and provides an important introduction to the Orthodox Church and the Eastern Christian World.

This revised edition of West's revolutionary reinterpretation of the civilization of Egypt challenges all that has been accpeted as dogma concerning this ancient and enigmatic land. It features a new introduction linking Egyptian science with the perennial wisdom tradition and an appendix updating the author's work in redating the Sphinx. Illustrations.